Study Guide Essay Example

Study Guide Essay PCB 3063 Spring 2012 Problem Set 1 ANSWERS 1. Determine the types of gametes produced by each of the following individuals: a. Aa1/2 A, 1/2 a b. AaBb1/4 AB, 1/4 Ab, 1/4 aB, 1/4 ab c. AABb1/2 AB, 1/ Ab d. AaBBCc1/4 ABC, 1/4 aBC, 1/4 ABc, 1/4 aBc 2. Use the Punnett square to determine the genotypes in the progeny of each of the following crosses: a. Dd x Dd b. AaBB x AaBB c. CcEE x CCEe Notice: in every case, each parent produces only two types of gametes. [pic] 3. In guinea pigs, rough coat (R) is dominant over smooth coat (r). A rough coated guinea pig is bred to a smooth one, giving eight rough and seven smooth progeny in the F1 generation. a. What are the genotypes of the parents and their offspring? The recessive trait is observed in the progeny, so the rough-coated parent must be heterozygous. P: Rr (rough) x rr (smooth) F1: 1/2 Rr, 1/2 rr b. If one of the rough F1 animals is mated to its rough parent, what progeny would you expect? This would be a monohybrid cross: Rr x Rr =gt; 1/4 RR, 1/2 Rr, 1/4 rr. 4. In maize, a dominant allele A is necessary for seed color, as opposed to colorless (a). We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another gene has a recessive allele w that results in waxy starch, as opposed to normal starch (W). The two genes segregate independently. What are the phenotypes and relative frequencies of offspring from each of the following crosses? Notice: The question specifies phenotypic ratios. a. AaWw x AaWw This is a dihybrid cross: 9/16 A_W_ (normal) 3/16 A_ww (waxy) 3/16 aaW_ (colorless) 1/16 aaww (waxy, colorless) b. AaWW x AaWW This works like a monohybrid cross because both parents are homozygotic for WW. 3/4 A_WW (normal), 1/4 aaWW (colorless) 5. In humans, alkaptonuria is a metabolic disorder in which affected persons produce black urine. Alkaptonuria results from an autosomal allele (a) that is recessive to the allele for normal metabolism (A). Sally has normal metabolism, but her brother has alkaptonuria. Sally’s father has alkaptonuria, and her mother has normal metabolism. a. Construct a pedigree of this family and indicate the genotypes of Sally, her mother, her father, and her brother. Sally’s mother must be a carrier. Sally is also a carrier because she received one alkaptonuria allele from her father. [pic] Caution: this is not X-linked inheritance. b. If Sally’s parents have another child, what is the probability that this child will have alkaptonuria? aa (father) x Aa (mother) 1/2 Aa (normal metabolism) 1/2 aa (alkaptonuria) 6. Both John and Cathy have normal vision. After 10 years of marriage to John, Cathy gave birth to a color-blind daughter (color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait). John filed for divorce, claiming that he is not the father of the child. Is John justified in his claim of non-paternity? Explain your answer. Give the genotypes of John, Cathy and the child. Since color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, the color-blind daughter must be homozygous for the color blindness allele. That means that she inherited a color blindness allele from each parent. John can not be the father, because he has no color blindness alleles (he has normal vision, so he is hemizygous for the normal vision allele). Cathy is a carrier. She is also a big cheater! John: CY Cathy: Cc Daughter: cc Whoever the father of the girl is must be cY and color blind. [pic] 7. If the pedigree above illustrates an autosomal dominant trait, then individual I-1: (Note: the â€Å"carrier† symbol was not used in the above pedigree. a. must be homozygous dominant b. must be heterozygous c. must be homozygous recessive d. could be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous e. could be either homozygous recessive or heterozygous This is a dominant trait and I-1 is affected, but he had unaffected children. Therefore he must be heterozygous. 8. The following pedigree is f or an X-linked trait: (Note: the â€Å"carrier† symbol was not used in this pedigree. ) [pic] a. Is this trait dominant or recessive? Recessive: unaffected females III-4 and IV-1have affected sons. b. Indicate the genotypes of all the individuals in the pedigree. Affected males are hemizygous for the recessive allele †¢ Affected females are homozygous for the recessive allele †¢ Unaffected males are hemizygous for the dominant allele †¢ Heterozygotes are carrier females Pedigree with the carrier symbols: [pic] Notice: the exact genotype of individual IV-4 is uncertain. 9. The following pedigree illustrates the inheritance of Nance-Horan syndrome, a rare X-linked genetic condition in which affected persons have cataracts and abnormally shaped teeth. (Note: the â€Å"carrier† symbol was not used in this pedigree. [pic] If III-2 and III-7 mated, what would be the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios in their progeny? Draw a Punnett square. The trait is recessive because some unaffected mothers have affected sons (and males get their X from their mothers). III-2 is an affected male, so he must be hemizygous for the condition. III-7 is a carrier female because her father is affected. [pic] 10. If traits R1 and R2 exhibit incomplete dominance over each other, what will be the phenotypic ratio in the progeny of the cross R1R1 x R1R2 ? :1 (individual R1R1 produces only one type of gamete) 1/2 R1R1, 1/2 R1R2 11. In shorthorn cattle, coat color may be red, white, or roan. Roan is an intermediate phenotype. The following data were obtained from var ious crosses: red x red-gt; all red white x white-gt; all white red x white-gt; all roan roan x roan-gt; 1/4 red: 1/2 roan: 1/4 white a. How is coat color inherited? Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an intermediate color (roan) b. What are the genotypes of parents and offspring in each cross? RR x RR =gt; all RR rr x rr =gt; all rr RR x rr =gt; all Rr Rr x Rr =gt; 1/4 RR, 2/4 Rr, 1/4 rr [pic] 12. Bar is an X-linked mutation in Drosophila that exhibits incomplete dominance. Flies that are homozygous for Bar have bar-shaped eyes. Heterozygous flies have bean-shaped eyes (an intermediate phenotype). a. What will be the outcome of a cross between a normal female and a bar-eyed male? Normal females must be homozygous for the normal allele because Bar is an incomplete dominant. Bar-eyed males are hemyzygous Bar. [pic] b. Use the Punnett square to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation [pic] Note: always indicate sex along with the phenotypes for X-linked inheritance. 13. If traits LM and LN exhibit codominance relative to each other, what will be the phenotypic ratio in the progeny of the cross LMLN x LMLN ? 1:2:1 (monohybrid ratio): 1/4 LMLM (M), 2/4 LMLN(MN), 1/4 LNLN (N) 14. In a rare species of frog, red color (Y) is dominant over yellow color (y, a null allele). The character is autosomal. The cross YY x Yy produced over 100 frogs: 96% red and 4% yellow. Which complication of Mendelian genetics can explain this outcome? a. recessive lethality of the y allele . codominance c. incomplete dominance d. incomplete penetrance e. variable expressivity All the frogs in F1 are Y_ so they should all be red, but a small percentage is not. There are no yy individuals, so recessive lethality can not explain this. It is not incomplete dominance or codominance, because those would yield 1:1 ratios. It is not variable expressivity because yellow is a recessive phenotype, not a var iation of the dominant phenotype. 15. In foxes, two alleles of a single gene, P and p, may result in lethality (PP), platinum coat (Pp), or silver coat (pp). Notice: this is an autosomal trait because nothing is indicated otherwise. a. Is the P allele behaving dominantly or recessively in causing lethality? Recessive: heterozygotes survive. b. Is the P allele behaving dominantly or recessively in causing platinum coat color? Dominant: heterozygotes are platinum, while the pp homozygotes are silver (two p alleles are necessary for the silver coat, therefore silver is recessive). c. What ratios are obtained when platinum foxes are interbred? Pp x Pp =gt; 1/4 PP (dead), 1/2 Pp (platinum), 1/4 pp (silver) Apparent ratio: 2/3 platinum: 1/3 silver [pic] 16. In a rare species of duck there is an X-linked allele (E1) that results in animals with only one eye (pictured above). The normal phenotype results from the wild-type allele (E), which is also necessary for survival. Use the Punnet square to determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the progeny of a cross between a one-eyed female and a normal male. Since E is necessary for survival, the E allele is recessive in causing lethality (because homozygous E’E’ would die) but dominant in causing the one-eye condition (since only heterozygotes would be able to carry the E’ allele, and they would be one-eyed). Notice: the one-eyed male (pictured above) cannot occur! [pic] 17. The g allele in the Chupacabra is X-linked recessive lethal. Heterozygous individuals have gray hair instead of the normal black hair. Use the Punnett square to determine the outcome of a cross between a normal male and a gray female. I made this up! The gray female must be heterozygous because she needs at least one copy of the normal allele to survive. Since she’s also gray, the g allele is recessive in causing lethality but dominant in causing color. [pic] Important: always indicate sex along with the phenotypes for X-linked inheritance.

Africa University, [A.U] Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Africa University, [A.U] Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Africa University, [A.U] Institute of peace, Leadership and governance, [I.P.L.G] Master 's in Public Policy and Governance (MPPG) Mutare , Zimbabwe Semester Assignment POLICY BRIEF: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NIGERIA'S HEALTH SYSTEMS; CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES By Ishaya Ajet Hosea Reg Number: 130151 Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course Course title: Health policy and Health care in Africa Signed Date 04 March 2018 Executive Summary COUNTRY FACTS (2018 ) Population: 190,632,261 Life Expectancy at Birth Total : 53.8 years Male: 52.8 years Female : 55 years Infant Mortality Rate (Live Births) Total : 69.8 deaths/1,000 Male : 74.5 deaths/1,000 Female : 64.8 deaths/1,000 Health Expenditures: 3.7% of GDP (2014) (Source: CIA World Fact Book, 2017) The health system of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is currently in need of full evaluation. This is in order for new and revisited policies to fine-tune the wants of the forthcoming shift in infection pattern due to an epidemiological circumference (incidence, distribution, and control of diseases.) This means that the trouble of diseas e shifts away from communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS to non-communicable diseases but most recurring like diabetes. The contemporary health system is not fully built and equipped for the growing number of chronic diseases attacking the growing population of the country. Health care can be delivered at low cost, but in the current case , public health care delivery is notably inefficient and more expensive ly delivered by the private. This puts pressure on the financial situation of the health system. Therefore, policies in Nigeria's public health should focus more on providing access on a large scale. On that account, reinventing the parameters of operations of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) should aim at availing health access with ease for all and put more considerations into sicknesses that are considered minor. To achieve this objective, health facilities need further support by the government of the fe deration to enhance training and proficiency and a comprehensive focus on diseases. In addition, budgetary allocation towards heal ought to increase and be equally distributed across the nation Introduction There have been intense suppositions that Nigeria would reform its health sector. Nigeria is one of the largest countries in Africa. The country is blessed with many natural resources ( Meo et al, 2014). This makes it one of the richest in the continent. Despite the country's wealth , it is still underdeveloped. The country has passed thr ough different administrations. There have been many outcries from the country and international world. The plea is for the administration to better the lot of the country by increasing the standards of living of its citizens . Nigeria faces many challenges among which health care packages are included. The main health domains informing Nigeria's health care policies and reforms include: genetic makeup, social circumstances, environmental circumstances, behavioural choices, medical care availability . Nigeria's health care budgetary allocation falls in line with the World Health Organisation's recomm endation on health expenditure. According to (World Bank Group, 2018) report, Nigeria currently invest about 5.3 percent of its Gross Domestic Product to the Health Sector. This is in line with the Universal Health Policies UNIVERSAL HEALTH POLICIES Is also known as universal health coverage . This is a specific type of health care where everyone is provided coverage regardless of their income, race, age, pre-existing conditions, gender, or wealth. In other words, as long as you are a legal resident of the region that is being covered, (e.g . Federal Republic of Nigeria ), you are eligible for universal health care. The purpose of universal health care is to provide all citizens with an opportunity to obtain the health care that they may need without having to worry about financial hardship. Currently, the costs associated with privatized health care are really expensive. Private companies set their own costs for insurance premiums, medical tests, and other services in order to make a profit. A universal health care system would be run by the government. The assumption here is that the government would not be interested in making profits, but in promoting the best interests of its citizens. Therefore, a universal health care system would likely result in decreased costs for medical care and